TALIS (Teaching and Learning International Survey) is a major international education research initiative organized by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), following the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). It aims to understand teachers’ working conditions, professional development, and school environments, collect comparable information, and provide evidence and recommendations for policy improvement in teacher development across countries.The su

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a project developed and implemented by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Essentially, it serves as an internationally recognized assessment of mathematics, reading, science, and a range of innovative fields. Administered every three years, it targets representative samples of 15-year-old students from participating countries.PISA primarily evaluates students’ mastery of subject content and their ability